The total amount of phytosterols in canola oil ranges between 0.7 percent and 1 percent. A 'catalogue' of oil properties, containing both data produced in-house and data from other sources was first prepared by Environment Canada in 1984. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS In this chapter, we discuss properties that are encountered in the analysis of fluid flow. 4.2 . If refrigerant oil did the same thing—that is, if it remained in the Virgin Coconut Oils (VCO) were prepared from fresh-dry (grated coconut route), chilling and thawing, enzymatic and fermentation method in this study. •Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. Density or Mass Density: The mass density or density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of a mass of fluid to its a volume of the fluid. and in truck, coach and bus diesel engine lubricants (HDEO - heavy duty engine oil). Crude oil can be described as paraffin base, naphthene base or mixed base, depending on the most abundant group of hydrocarbons contained. For all measured temperatures, the Group V-based engine oil had thermal conductivity values in the upper portion of the heat transfer fluid range and exceeded the engine oil range at 50°C. Chemical composition (%) Physical properties Si 31.9 Specific gravity 2.2 Al 1.4 Colour White Au 8.9 Form Solid C 17.4 pH 10 F 6.7 Loss of ignition 0.5 Mg 0.3 Na 1.7 O 31.8 Table 3 Chemical and physical properties of waste engine oil. The atmosphere is nearly 80% nitrogen, whereas hydrogen is a common element in many organic compounds. It is also used to minimize power loss, heat generation, wear and tear of. 376-380 Study on Effect of Aging and Aging Temperature on Frictional Properties of Coconut Oil Samples J K Mannekote1*, N Kathyayini2, K Venkatesh2 and S V Kailas3 *1 Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain Global Campus, Jain University, Jakkasandra-562112, Karnataka, India 2 Centre for Incubation, Innovation, Research and . Crude canola oil contains relatively high amounts of tocopherols, 500-1000 mg/kg. 464. Physicochemical properties like density, viscosity, boiling point, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV),and peroxide value (PV) of Corn and Mustard oils were studied to evaluate the compositional quality of oils and also to investigate the effect on the use of same oil for repeated frying as it ultimately changes the physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties of the oil. It has to be balanced for load, temperature and speed. f cleaning • cleans carbon and varnish deposits • flushes the entire system removing • soot • deposits • acids • wear products • moisture • removes external contaminants dust, moisture (external) f noise reduction • reduce noise • by preventing metal to … Density is called a Mass per unit volume of a fluid. Experiments have been performed to evaluate tribological properties of lubricants from different aspects under such conditions. Synthetic oils are the artificially made chemical compounds instead of crude oil and esters are formed by reacting oxoacid with hydroxil like the alcohol. of various lubricating oils without using Extreme pressure Additives. ii. Considers applications of lubricants in hydraulics, gears and combustion engines; Lubricants: Introduction to Properties and Performance is a comprehensive reference for industry practitioners (tribologists, lubricant technicians, and lubricant chemists, etc) and is also an excellent source of information for graduate and undergraduate students. A good lubricating oil should have: • High boiling point • Adequate Viscosity • Low freezing point • High oxidation resist • Non Corrosive properties • Good thermal stability 2 8. Table 3Physical properties of span80. This force is known as the buoyant force. Castor oil is known to consist of up to 90% ricinoleic, 4% linoleic, 3% oleic, 1% stearic, and less than 1% linolenic fatty acids. 2.10 . The . Lubrication properties of vegetable base oils are identical to those of mineral oils. Lubricants act as the coolant because it reduces the production of heat between the moving parts of machine in contact. It is the most vital. Lubrication is the science of reducing friction between two solid bodies in relativ e. motion by interposing a lubricant between th eir rubbing surfaces. The saponification values, iodine values of coconut oil and castor oil were found out and these values were also found for the blend. 1. Cutting fluid can be also used for coolant and lubrication purposes like Fatty Oil. The loss of energy due to friction is considerably reduced in this manner. The usage of essential oils as antimicrobial agents is gaining attention. The best blend is analyzed for various properties and they were compared with that given in the literature. During compaction and ejection of a component the lubricant is exposed to high pressure and high shear stress. 40 °C 100 °C 2 116 mm2/s 15.1mm /s Viscosity index 135 Dynamic viscosity -10 °C 2800 m Pas Density 15 °C 3879 kg/m Flash point 236 °C 1.7. Adhesiveness (Wettability): The additive percentages of ionic liquid in castor oil are 0.6 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.%, and 3 wt.%. Characteristics of Crude Oil •The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories: •Paraffins: These can make up 15 to 60% of crude. 499. Used as Lubricant and Coolant. It is light lubrication that will give you a long-lasting solution. •Napthenes: These can make up 30 to 60% of . 2 is a heavier, usually blended, distillate with hydrocarbons in the C 11-C 20 range. This combination of properties makes the old-deep crudes the most 1.7. Previously it was the second most widely produced edible oil after Soya bean oil, 28 million metric tons were produced worldwide in 2004 [1]. As a Lubricant. Uses: Hinges, bearings, tool maintenance, sharpening blades. However, chemical reaction products are sometimes removed into the oil by shearing and dissolution, causing chemical wear. Viscosity - Viscosity is a measurement of a fluid's thickness, or resistance to flow. The iodine values of the crude oils were 103 and 116gI2/100g for white and red seeds respectively, which is high, indicating that it is semi dry oil (Fernando and Akujobi, 1987). Considered the most important property of a lubricant, viscosity serves to form a lubricating film, cool machine components, and seal and control oil consumption. The Group V-based engine oil had a slightly higher thermal conductivity than the Group II-based engine oil, shown in Figure 3. 3.1 . Lubricant Industry: main component Metal working fluids Lubricants and greases Chemical Manufacturing Industry: component of a material and/or part of a process Industrial Rubber Adhesives Printing Inks Tyre Industry: fine-tune and adjust final performance properties of the tyre like rolling resistance and traction The main disadvantages of vegetable lubricants are their low oxidation and temperature stabilities. Changes with temperature, decreasing temperature increases viscosity singular factor in . Besides, pet turtles were known to harbor a range of pathogenic bacteria while the turtle keeping is a growing trend worldwide.The current study examined the antimicrobial activity of lemon grass oil (LGO) against seven species of Gram negative bacteria namely; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, Citrobacter freundii . Castor oil has long been used commercially as a highly renewable resource for the chemical industry.1,2 It is a vegetable oil obtained by pressing the seeds of the castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) that is mainly cultivated in Africa, South America, and India.3,4 Major castor oil-producing countries include Brazil, China, and India. However, in applications using oil rings and with oil levels reduced the periphery of the . contact V. Lubricants increases the efficiency of machine by reducing the loss of energy. coconut oil and castor oil at 3:1 ratio is found out to be the best with 76.8% of TFM and 89.46% of yield. Used for easier movement of the tool on job and also reduce the cutting force. decreases, the viscosity of the lubricant increases. Analyze the contents of a quart of motor oil and you will discover that approximately 75%-85% of its volume consists of base oil. Turbine oils need good demulsibility while wheel bearing greases need emulsibility. The unique structure of castor oil offers interesting prop-erties, making it appropriate for various industrial applica-tions. The lubricants are often solid organic substances such as metallic stearates and amide wax. • Students investigate the properties of three clear colorless liquids: water, mineral oil, and corn syrup. 18 Property Trade-off Increasing chain length: . During compaction and ejection of a component the lubricant is exposed to high pressure and high shear stress. At the same time, most of the sulfur compounds in the oil are broken down. Among the lubricants typically found in these specifications are gear oils, turbine oils, hydraulic fluids, com pressor oils, greases, solid lubricants, multi-purpose bearing oils, engine oils, cutting fluids, total-loss lubricants and others. no. A good lubricant should always have less volatility. Oil is used in refrigeration systems to lubricate compressor bearings and other moving parts. If the temperature during the working operation of machine is high, the lubricant starts evaporating and hence starts spoiling the lubricant properties. Examples: Gear oils need antiwear or EP additives. et al., 1982) 48. Chapter 17Automotive Lubricants 465. As the solid is heated it can undergo pyrolysis, a chemical degrading that occurs resulting in a release of vapours. Influence of the lubricants on the powder and tablet properties of . It states that when a body is partially or fully dipped in a fluid, the fluid exerts a contact force on the body which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. range; fuel oil . VI VI. Viscosity is more commonly known as resistance to flow. You can't just pump oil out of the ground and put it in your car — crude oil is, well, too crude. these properties to nearly within their experimental uncertainty for three pure polyol ester base fluids (pentaerythritol tetrapentanoate (POE5), pentaerythritol tetraheptanoate (POE7), pentaerythritol tetranonanoate (POE9), and a fully qualified lubricant meeting military specification MIL-PRF-23699. • Can provide tables or graphs of properties of fluids • Thermodynamic properties (density, sound speed, heat capacity, enthalpy, entropy, boiling point, etc.) High viscosity implies a high resistance to flow while a low viscosity indicates a low resistance to flow. to convert crude oil into usable products. (°C) (40°C; mm2/s) Rapeseed / Canola -3 52-55 4.5 Soy 0 48-52 4.1 Sunflower 0 ≈ 55 4.4 Jatropha 4-5 Oxidative stability: usually antioxidants required to meet standard specifications. Natures Garden Wholesale Candle & Soap Making Supplies-Fragrance Oils • Students place drops of each liquid on the surface of a zip-closing plastic bag and see machine IV. Recognising Viscosity Designations The remainder is a package of additives that confers properties essential to protecting the Summary The effects of magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and talc as lubricants on some powder and tablet properties of silicified microcrystalline cellulose (SMCC) were studied. Introduction. be used as engine lubricants, as replacement for biodiesel if their properties are enhanced. Crude oils also contain a variety of other chemical constituentscomprising of sulphur, . Oils that operate over a wide temperature range need VI . Uncover the secrets of lubricant selection and understand the importance of lubricant properties and strategies for selecting the correct lubricant for each machine application. -18ᵒC (0ᵒF) and 99ᵒC (210ᵒF) 2. 4.1 . If a crude oil is buried deeply and for a long time, extensive breaking apart of the carbon chains can occur. Physical properties of Oil Viscosity- the viscosity of an oil is a measure of the oil's resistance to shear. ABSTRACT: Coconut oil has a long history of use throughout the world as both a food and as a medicine. Proximate analyses of coarse and fine hampas (Cecil . A feature of dry lubricants is it is super slippery. This is another important rule in the study of the mechanical properties of fluids. Table A-1 Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A-2 Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A-3 Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A-4 Saturated water—Temperature table Table A-5 Saturated water—Pressure table Table A-6 Superheated water Table A-7 Compressed liquid water Table A-8 Saturated ice-water vapor The document demonstrates the contribution made by lubricant additives in these applications to the consumer, industry and the environment, through their ability to optimise desirable lubricant properties while suppressing unwanted ones. Diesel fuel no. Visc. Oil Phase Viscosity above the Bubble-Point Pressure, p > p b. • Transport and other properties (viscosity and thermal conductivity, surface tension) • Easy to add a new "fluid file" for the lubricant MILPRF23699 oil companies produce base oils, which account for the lion's share of the volume of a bottle of motor oil. Properties of lubricant oil grade SAE20W40. Standard measurement cycle (RVA Standard 1) 65. The sulfur content is expressed as percent sulfur by weight and varies from less than 0.1% to greater than 5%. Types: Motor oil, 3-in-1 oil, sewing machine oil, bar and chain oil. • You need lubrication to wick into a small space, without having to take anything apart. Below is a table to illustrate how each factor affects how high or low a viscosity should be. increases, the viscosity of the lubricant decreases and if temp. Types Of Lubrications Thick Film or Fluid Film or hydrodynamic Lubrication Thin Film or Boundary Lubrication Extreme Pressure Lubrication 9. reservoir rock properties within a stratum. This property comes from the chemical compositions of the oils, which reduce wear and friction even in extreme conditions. Automotive Lubricants 3.4.1 Basic Statistical Principles 3.4.2 Laboratory Tests on Petroleum Products 3.4.3 Engine Tests 3.4.4 Reference Lubricants 3.4.5 Reference Fuels 3.5 Tests on Used Oils 3.5.1 Tests for Evaluation of Oil Condition 3.5.2 Testing for Equipment Condition 3.6 References Chapter 4—Crankcase Oil Quality Levels and Formulations KEYWORDS: coconut; coconut oil, medium chain fatty acids; medium chain triglycerides. Oil and Grease Additives Lubricants are a combination of the base oil and the additives and the specific combination depends on the properties of both. Esters are derived from inorganic or organic acids. 76. Palm oil is semisolid at room temperature, while palm kernel oil contains triacylglycerols that melted sharply at about body temperature. It is red in color due to the presence of beta carotene in it. Sometimes PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is also used as a lubricating particle. Therefore an 'old-deep' crude oil has low viscosity, low density, and very low sulfur content. Densityofoilat60°F.inlbs.pergal.=8.33722Xspecificgravityofoilat60°/60°F. It represents the ability of the lubricants to vaporize at certain temperature. Properties of Oils Spreadsheet: Fatty Acids: Lauric Linoleic Myristic Oleic Palmitic Ricinoleic Stearic Iodine Properties: hard bar cleansing fluffy lather conditioning hard bar cleansing fluffylather conditioning hard bar stable lather conditioning fluffy,stable lather hard bar stable lather lower numbers mean harderbar Oils In general, thicker oil films will give better pump bearing protection than thinner oil films. Students have looked at the properties of solids and, in this lesson, will see that liquids also have properties. Properties of Vegetable Oil Esters Methyl Ester Cloud Point Cetane Number Kin. The oil density is however closer to that of groundnut oil (0.918) and less dense than neem seed oil (0.939) (Akpan, 1999). Lubricants reduce the maintenance and running cost of machine. All of the VCO produced conformed physicochemically to the standards established by the Asian and Pacific Coconut Community (APCC) and Codex Alimentarius Commission. Over the past 50 years research has shown that coconut oil possesses unique properties with important nutritional and medical applications. -If temp. VdW forces are the weak interaction between all molecules and particles, which play important roles in the particles' mechanical properties. Synthetic oils are the artificially made chemical compounds instead of crude oil and esters are formed by reacting oxoacid with hydroxil like the alcohol. Among the more important properties for use as lubricants are viscosity, viscosity-temperature behaviour, lubricity, solvent power and oxidation stability (see Section . Physical and chemical properties of sorghum oil and compared with jatropha oil Properties Sorghum oil Jatropha oil Kinematic viscosity Density Specific gravity Flash point Saponification value Iodine value Acid value 31.4 0.9099 0.9153 225 181-191 108-122 0.434 40.4 0.92 0.94 167 195 101.7 5.31 Lubricity - Some lubricants are said to have high lubricity, or oiliness. These are used in extreme temperatures because it has superior mechanical and chemical properties compared to mineral oil. Load Carrying Capacity or Extreme Pressure properties or Weld Points etc.) Following are the 18 properties of lubricants: Viscosity Flashpoint Fire point Cloud point Pour point Oiliness Corrosion Colour Dilution Emulsification Physical stability Chemical stability Sulphur content Specific gravity Neutralization number Adhesiveness Film strength Cleanliness 1. Viscosity is inversely proportional to temp. By applying the modification techniques, new product such as oil suitable for edible purposes can be obtained. That's why oil gets refined before you use it. 2, respectively, with the exception of the . The test results show that a small amount of ionic liquid can postpone the peak coefficient of friction and decrease the wear behavior of castor oil. In an automotive engine, motor oil stays in the crankcase where it belongs. Viscosity Index: It is used to grade lubricants. It has a huge variety of molecules of different shapes and sizes, some of which would not burn efficiently (or at all) in a vehicle engine. Animal lubricants Animal lubricants are produced from the animals fat. The properties of oil samples were determined using Interfacial Rheometer (Anton-Paar Model: MCR 301) by varying temperature from 25-80°C and shear rate range of 0.1-100 s-1. #4. castor oil were higher than the values of a standard lubricant (SAE 40 engine oil). The properties of the oil selected must be suitable for this purpose. 527. Palm oil is gotten from the palm fruit's pulp. Chemical composition (ppm) Physical properties Cu 10 Viscosity (cSt), 60°C 181 Dry lubricants: It is made of lubricating particle-like graphite, molybdenum disulfide, and silicone. Lubricant formulations are also denoted as bio-based, biodegradable, or environmentally acceptable to express a certain degree of eco-sustainability (see Sections 3.4 and 3.5). The vapours released have the ability to form There are two main animal fats: hard fats (stearin) and soft fats (lard). Densities are commonly determined bymeans of ahydrometer, an instrument familiartolarge numbers of persons who take an interestintheir storage batteries. If the oil has to be in the system it is of great importance that the lubrication issues are taken care of early Straight-run distillates may also be used to produce fuel oil no. The viscosity of a crude oil is also impacted by the amount of . Lubrication and lubricants are the most important aspect for running a machine without giving pre-matured failure. Crude oil is a naturally occurring liquid phase of petroleum, composed . Chapter 2 — Properties of Ammonia Chemical Properties of Ammonia Chemical Properties Anhydrous ammonia is a naturally occurring compound comprised of two very common elements — nitrogen and hydrogen. For small facilities or fleets, creating lubricant specifications can be a relatively simple exercise. 76, June 2017, pp. The test is This is denoted by symbol ρ (rho) and the unit of mass density is ( kg/m3 ). 2 are similar in chemical composition to fuel oil no. Lubricants : Classification and properties A substance which is capable of reducing friction between two surfaces which are sliding over each other is called Lubricant. This oil is known to have been . These are used in extreme temperatures because it has superior mechanical and chemical properties compared to mineral oil. Viscosity is by far the most important property of the lubricants applied to process pump bearings and practical texts deal with the issue in great detail. Granule properties of various starches (Swinkels, 1990) 30. Cutting fluid can be used in different purposes and those are: As a Coolant. The usage of oil-free compressors solves many of the problems that lubricants consisting of a mixture of oil and refrigerant cause. 1 and diesel fuel oil no. Specially formulated hydraulic fluids and lubricants In unique circumstances, some 'solids' used by the oil and gas industry may create explosive mixtures. Sulfur content and API gravity are two properties which have had the greatest influence on the value of crude oil, although nitrogen and metals contents are increasing in importance. lubricant [3] or atmosphere [4] (for example, adsorption and chemical reaction) form a lubricating film that reduces friction and wear and prevents seizure. Metal 1 Lubricant film Metal 2 Contact between metals The oil catalogue has been so popular that interagency committees have requested that data collection The density of liquid may be constant but the density of gases changes with . Used to cool the cutting tool, chip, and job. -expressed in two temperature i.e. • improper cooling can lead to over heating, lead to wear, distortion and failure. Growth data and estimated age of sago palms at different growth stages . Experiments have been performed to evaluate tribological properties of lubricants from different aspects under such conditions. Esters are derived from inorganic or organic acids. Due to Lubricant the co-efficient of friction between two rubbing surfaces is reduced. This kind of force includes three parts: one is the orientation force (the Keesom force) [], resulting from the interaction between the permanent dipole moment of polar molecules.The second is the induction force (the Debye force) [], which comes from the . This helps to explain why And the wear preventive properties of various lubricants are found by using Four Ball Oil Testing Machine. B o is the oil phase formation volume factor at p r and T r, bbl/STB; Note that we can use the properties in at the bubble-point pressure, R so i and B ob, in Equation 3.51 to obtain ρ ob for input into Equation 3.50. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. Functions of lubricants : • a) Reduces the frictional resistance. 1 and fuel oil no. Item Value Hydroxyl value (mgKOH/g) 190-220 Koettstorfer value (mgKOH/g) 140-160 Acid value (mgKOH/g) ≤ 10 Water content (%) ≤ 1.5 HLB value ~ 4.3 Extrinsic feature Amber and melicera oil using a planetary ball mill machine. Chapter 19Petroleum Waxes. b) Reduces wear & tear, surface deformation 1. c) Acts as a coolant 2. d) Provides protection against corrosion 3. e) Acts as a seal in some cases 4. f) Improves the efficiency of the machine 3. Hence, the objectives of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties of Single and binary blends of talc, magnesium stearate and SLS at 1% concentration were evaluated as flow modulators on SMCC. The highest FA (fatty acid) is lauric acid in all of the VCO and ranged from 46 . Chapter 18Metalworking and Machining Fluids. Archimedes' Principle. . physical properties, but also how oil behaves when spilled in the environment. The lubricants are often solid organic substances such as metallic stearates and amide wax. 19. First we discuss intensiveand extensive propertiesand define density and specific gravity.This is followed by a discussion of the properties vapor pressure,energyand its various forms, the specific heatsof ideal gases and incompressible substances, and the coefficient of The influence of the ionic liquid used as the additive on the tribological properties of castor oil is investigated using a four-ball test rig. 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